Competitors in Germany, Japan and China dominated. Mass production continued to scale up through the Second World War, and technological innovation in the industry continued through the first decades of the Cold War-but by the 1970s the industry in the U.S. In the United States, production of machine tools was scaled up during the Civil War, and by the 1880s high precision machine tools were being mass produced. Machine tools are a good proxy for the overall robustness of an industrial ecosystem, as they form the base technical layer for much of heavy industry. The contours of the development of the US industrial base can be seen by tracing the development of the American machine tool industry. City building in America has largely been in decline ever since. This process continued through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, stalling in the decade or so following the Second World War with the widespread growth of suburbs.
To accommodate this industry, a wave of city building followed, adding growth to the old trading cities of the East such as Philadelphia and New York, and leading to the rise of new interior cities like Detroit, Chicago, and St. From around 1840 to the early 1950s, industry consistently grew as a portion of the American labor force, interrupted only by the Great Depression. The rapid growth of the railroad across the nation, coupled with the increasing surpluses provided by mechanized agriculture, provided a base for the development of industry and the resultant rise of cities and the mass urban labor force. The process of industrialization in the United States began to take off around the time of the Civil War. Part One Industry and the City in America
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